RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

 

PHYSICAL EDUCATION CLASS

COORDINATED BY MRS BLESSING TITILOYE

          Week: Nine
Class: SS1
Lesson Title: Respiratory system
Period: I-II
Duration: 80 Minutes
Learning Objectives: Students should be able to know:
                      i.   Structure and functions of the lungs
                    ii.   International and external respiration
                  iii.    Mechanism of breathing
                  iv.    An aerobic and anaerobic respiration

Respiratory System


Respiration refers to the union of oxygen with food in the cells (oxidation) resulting in the release of energy, heat, carbon(iv)oxide and water. Respiration covers a wide range of processes include the taking in of oxygen which is inhalation, the sending out of carbon(iv)oxide which is exhalation and the use of the oxygen intake.

There are two processes of respiration

1) Breathing or external respiration.

2) Internal respiration or tissue respiration. 

External respiration is the exchange of gases between the lungs and the atmosphere is the taking in of oxygen and the sending out of carbon(iv)oxide

Internal respiration is otherwise known as tissue respiration. It is the actual oxidation of organic molecules (glucose) in the cells of the tissue for the liberation of energy.

Glucose is absorbed and stored in the liver after digestion through the hepatic portal vein. The process is called dialysis. The glucose is delivered by the circulatory system to every cell in the body, this is called assimilation. During respiration oxygen intake in the alveoli combines with haemoglobin of the red blood cells to form oxyhaemoglobin. The oxygen is taken to the cells where glucose is always present, oxidation is then brought about by enzymes and oxygen of the oxyhaemoglobin. This oxidation liberates the energy in the glucose for various vigorous physical activities, carbon(iv)oxide and water are formed as waste products and are carried back by the blood for elimination. The Site of this respiration in the cell is the mitochondria. This reaction occurs in two stages.

  1.  Anaerobic reaction

          2.   Aerobic reaction

Mechanism of Breathing

The lungs cannot inflate or deflate by themselves, they a helped by two actions. Firstly, by the circular and radial muscles of the diaphragm which when contract flattens and move the diaphragm down so that the volume of the chest cavity is increased from top to bottom. And secondly by the intercostal muscles between the ribs which pull the ribs up and outwards. Through these actions, the volume and circumference of the whole chest cavity is increased, and because of reduced pressure in the chest cavity, air rushes in through the nostrils by the pressure of the air outside. This is called inhalation or inspiration. The opposite action which is expiration or exhalation is due to the elasticity of the lungs. The stretched lungs tend to return to their original size.

What is internal or tissue respiration?

                                                    
                                               CLICK TO WATCH VIDEO

Tissue respiration is the oxidation of glucose in the cells to liberate energy and water are formed as waste products.

Anaerobic reaction (without oxygen) fundamental chemical change that takes place a voluntary muscle contracts, is the breakdown of glycogen to produce carbon(iv)oxide, water and energy in form of heat energy. This energy is taken up and stored by phosphate salts the tissue fluid and muscle fibres. This is why it is possible for the muscles to continue to contract even though the supply of oxygen inadequate. Anaerobic contraction continues due to the accumulation of high energy phosphates within the muscles. A T.P (Adenosine Triphosphate) is made up of two other phosphatic salts. Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and creatine phosphate (CP) i.e. Adenosine diphosphate (A.D + creatine phosphate = Adenosine Triphosphate). A.D.p. = A. T.p.

What is anaerobic in relation to physical activity? 

Anaerobic respiration is:

1.     The release of energy in the absence of oxygen the energy from A. T. P

2.     The amount of energy released is short-lived

3.     The energy released is mainly used for a short burst e.g 100m dash or weight lifting

4.  The races that can be sustained by anaerobic respiration are 50m. 75m, 100m, 200m, 400m and 110m hurdles

What is aerobic in relation to physical activity?

Aerobic respiration is:

1.     The release of energy in the presence of oxygen

2.     The amount of energy released is much

3.     The energy released is mainly used for long duration and enduring exercise e.g. 1,500m race. Races that can be sustained by aerobic respiration are 1,500m, 3,000m, 5,000m, 10,000m and marathons

Major functions of respiratory system

      1.     It makes oxygen constantly available in the body.

      2.     It carries away carbon(iv)oxide from the body.

      3.     It helps in vocalization (making of sounds - for talking and singing)

      4.     It helps to exert pressure (e. g, during defecation, urination and childbirth).

      5.     It helps in excretion of water and heat.

The Organs of Respiration

These organs are:

    1.           The mouth

     2.     The pharynx

      3.     The nose and nostrils

      4.      The larynx and trachea

      5.     The lungs

      6.     The ribs

     7.     The diaphragm

Functions of the lungs

1.     They expand to accommodate air

2.      Each lung contains millions of alveoli

3.    The actual exchange of oxygen for carbon (iv)oxide takes place inside

4.     They deflate to expel the air


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